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Microbiology and Biotechnology Students Portal
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31·July·2010 @ 3:38
| Marine Biodiversity:Ocean Temperature |
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Marine Biodiversity Strongly Linked to Ocean Temperature
ScienceDaily (July 29, 2010) — In an unprecedented effort that will be published online on the 28th of July by the international journal Nature, a team of scientists mapped and analyzed global biodiversity patterns for over 11,000 marine species ranging from tiny zooplankton to sharks and whales. The researchers found striking similarities among the distribution patterns, with temperature strongly linked to biodiversity for all thirteen groups studied. These results imply that future changes in ocean temperature, such as those due to climate change, may greatly affect the distribution of life in the sea
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| How Do Cells Die? |
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How Do Cells Die? Biophotonic Tools Reveal Real-Time Dynamics in Living Color
ScienceDaily (July 22, 2010) — Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is essential to normal development, healthy immune system function, and cancer prevention. The process dramatically transforms cellular structures but the limitations of conventional microscopy methods have kept much about this structural reorganization a mystery.
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| Production of Superoxide Anions by Ker.. |
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Production of Superoxide Anions by Keratinocytes Initiates P. acnes-Induced Inflammation of the Skin
Abstract Top
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous follicles. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a gram-positive anareobic bacterium, plays a critical role in the development of these inflammatory lesions. This study aimed at determining whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by keratinocytes upon P. acnes infection, dissecting the mechanism of this production, and investigating how this phenomenon integrates in the general inflammatory response induced by P. acnes. In our hands, ROS, and especially superoxide anions (O2•−), were rapidly produced by keratinocytes upon stimulation by P. acnes surface proteins. In P. acnes-stimulated keratinocytes, O2•− was produced by NAD(P)H oxidase through activation of the scavenger receptor CD36. O2•− was dismuted by superoxide dismutase to form hydrogen peroxide which was further detoxified into water by the GSH/GPx system. In addition, P. acnes-induced O2•− abrogated P. acnes growth and was involved in keratinocyte lysis through the combination of O2•− with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrites. Finally, retinoic acid derivates, the most efficient anti-acneic drugs, prevent O2•− production, IL-8 release and keratinocyte apoptosis, suggesting the relevance of this pathway in humans.
Author Summary Top
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous follicles. It is the most common skin disease, affecting up to 80% of individuals at some point between the ages of 11 and 30 years. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) plays a role in the development of inflammatory acne lesions, but whether it causes inflammation by itself or through indirect mechanisms is not clear yet. Therefore, by exposing epidermal cells to P. acnes in vitro, we tested whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (oxidative burst) was involved in the inflammatory process. We found that one particular ROS, superoxide anion, was generated by epidermal cells following P. acnes stimulation. This phenomenon is associated with the production of a soluble pro inflammatory molecule, IL-8, and epidermal cell death. The abrogation of P. acnes-induced oxidative burst by the most commonly used and most efficient treatments of acne suggests that superoxide anions produced by epidermal cells are critical in the development of acne inflammatory lesions.
Citation: Grange PA, Chéreau C, Raingeaud J, Nicco C, Weill B, et al. (2009) Production of Superoxide Anions by Keratinocytes Initiates P. acnes-Induced Inflammation of the Skin. PLoS Pathog 5(7): e1000527. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000527
Editor: Ambrose Cheung, Dartmouth Medical School, United States of America
Received: February 6, 2009; Accepted: July 1, 2009; Published: July 24, 2009
Copyright: © 2009 Grange et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work has been supported by “Association de Recherche en Virologie et Dermatologie” (ARVD).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
E-mail: frederic.batteux@cch.aphp.fr
These authors contributed equally to this work.
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| Can Stem Cells Repair a Damaged Heart? |
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Combination of nanoparticles and stem cells cleans, heals clogged vessel walls, study shows
A two-step procedure that uses nanoparticles to first scrub plaque out of arteries and then inserts stem cells to promote healing of those arteries may one day help individuals with atherosclerosis, new research suggests.
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| DrillingTheDepths of Leaves for Biofuels |
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Drilling Down to the Nanometer Depths of Leaves for Biofuels
By imaging the cell walls of a zinnia leaf down to the nanometer scale, energy researchers have a better idea about how to turn plants into biofuels.
In a paper appearing online in the journal Plant Physiology, a team from Lawrence Livermore led by Michael Thelen, in collaboration with researchers from Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, has used four different imaging techniques to systematically drill down deep into the cells of Zinnia elegans.
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